| Pathophysiology | Diagnostic & Lab Tests | Etiology | Treatment | Patient Teaching |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
calcium, uric acid, magnesium ammonium phosphates (struvite), cystine
Name 2 of the four main components that stones are usually made out of
|
urinalysis, CT, MRI, ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Name two tests that are performed to identify kidney stones?
|
severe flank pain, pain upon urination, pink/red/brown urine, N/V, pain that comes in waves or fluctuates, persistent urination
What are some of the signs and symptoms of kidney stones?
|
drinking 2-3 L of water a day to flush out stones, mild pain relievers (Ibuprofen, Tylenol), dietary changes (low protein, normal calcium intake, citrus)
What are some of the noninvasive treatment options for small kidney stones?
|
increase water intake, decrease oxalate rich foods (beets, swiss chard, soy, ovaltine, chocolate, nuts, tea), decrease sodium and animal proteins (meat, eggs, fish), adequate calcium intake
What dietary changes would be recommended for a patient with kidney stones?
|
|
The maximum amount of a compound that can be kept in a stable solution. This is determined by its solubility or equilibrium constant. Supersaturation results when the amount of a compound in solution exceeds the solubility; at that point, crystals begin
What is supersaturation and how does it play a part in stone formation?
|
if the patient is pregnant, has an IUD, is breastfeeding, iodine or shellfish allergy, within 4 days of barium contrast testing
What are some important items to consider prior to beginning an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?
|
dehydration, family or personal history, high protein diets, obesity, digestive diseases and/or surgery,
What risk factors surround kidney stones?
|
a procedure that involves the insertion of an ultrasonic probe into the renal pelvis to produce shock waves that break up stones
What is lithotripsy?
|
completely empty bladder when urinating, do not delay urge to go, strain urine, contact provider if experiencing N/V or pain unrelieved by medication
What discharge instructions or teaching points would be appropriate for S.R.?
|
|
This can be accomplished by changing the amount or concentration of compound available for crystallization or by changing the solubility of the compound.
What are 2 general ways in which the process of crystal formation can be manipulated?
|
a nephrolithotomy
What is the procedure that involves making a small incision into the kidney to remove a stone called?
|
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thiazide diuretics, potassium citrate therapy, or allopurinol (hyperuricosuria)
What pharmacologic agents may be prescribed if diet and hydration therapy doesn't work?
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