Reinforces separation of powers & federalism; powers not granted to federal government are reserved to states.

These regular courts hear most of the cases tried in the federal courts.

The Supreme Court merged most of the guarantees in the Bill of Rights into part of 14th Amendment; states can’t deny basic rights.

The separation of one group from another.

The legal seizure of a person.

Guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars.

These legislative courts hear cases arising out of some of the expressed powers given to Congress in Article I.

This part of the 1st Amendment says that church and government are constitutionally separated in the U.S.

Positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people.

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

It guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, warrant must be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

Courts that have jurisdiction over local and federal cases in these non-state areas.

It guarantees to each person the right to believe whatever they choose to believe in matters of religion.

Protections against government. They are guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from arbitrary acts of government.

Aliens may be subject to this, a legal process in which they are legally required to leave the U.S.

It restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, due to an act passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War.

Courts that hear criminal and civil cases falling under federal jurisdiction and originating in this small part of the U.S.

14th Amendment declares states & local governments can't draw unreasonable distinctions between people.

It led to the Fair Housing Act of 1968. It also led to private schools admitting black students.

It can occur only by court order and only after it has been shown that the person became a citizen by fraud or deception.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

They hear cases in which individuals claim that the VA has denied or otherwise mishandled valid claims for benefits.

It is a reasonable suspicion of crime. Police must have this and a proper warrant to search for and seize evidence or people.

The Supreme Court said that racial discrimination against African-Americans by private people does not place a badge of slavery on them.

The legal process by which a loss of citizenship occurs. Usually it is when a person renounces, or voluntarily abandons, their citizenship.