Plants are coated with this bacteria, it promotes growth by decreasing ethylene stress and producing auxins.

Biological responses to environmental chemicals at higher organizational levels. Eg. population, community, ecosystem

Mixtures, sunlight, temperature, drought, pests, partitioning.

This type of radiation damage affects proteins more than membranes, it alters the secondary and tertiary structures of them, altering their function. Classified as acute cytotoxicity.

This commonly used bacterial assay uses the luminescence of this microbe as the indicator. A 30 min assay.

60% of contaminated sites in Canada are contaminated with this toxicant.

A key step in heme biosynthesis, this biomarker is very reliable and measures the impact of lead on the organism.

This herbicide inhibits metabolism, inhibits the Shikamate pathway, rapidly degrades in soil and is non-toxic to non-plant species

It offers protection against ROS toxicity due to the high Cys content. Its expression is induced by metals and ROS, and can remove toxic metal from other macromolecules in the cell.

This plant assay uses the inhibition of growth based on frond production as the indicator. An 8 day assay

PHC is degraded through this process by hydroxylating it into fatty acid to be used as food.

An assay used where the biomarker is the transformation of ethoxy-resorufin to hydroxy-resorufin which increases the fluorescence.

A free radical generator, it does it to both chloroplasts and mitochondria, it accepts electrons from photosystem I and passes them to oxygen to from superoxide.

This process directly binds onto biological receptors such as membranes, ion channels, enzymes, etc. It generally dominates at higher concentrations and is more likely to have acute effects.

The most commonly used test, it uses the death of the organism as the end point and is a 48hr acute toxicity test.

Toxicants are taken up into the leaves, the leaves are harvested, and the contaminant extracted from them.

An assay using the Calvin cycle or electron transport chain as a biomarker. Measures impact and detects many classes of toxicants.

DDT is an example of this pesticide, which retards closure of sodium channels to cause immobilization of target species. It's a carcinogen and endocrine disruptor. Contains chlorinated ethanes.

It is the catalytic production of ROS species with amplification. It generally dominates at lower concentrations and more likely to have chronic effects.

This test is used for sediment assays. Growth & survival, or reproduction assays are options. 1-4 week assay.

Tilling the soil, exposure to sunlight and air which photooxidizes contaminants.

Micro-array techniques, ddPCR and identification of differentially expressed cDNAs are techniques used for this assay.

This pesticide inhibits acetylcholine esterase, is more degradable and less persistent than organochlorines yet more acutely toxic to non-target species.

This metal is able to redox cycle in the RCM thus highly toxic in high concentrations. It is more toxic than zinc and it binds to DNA between bases disturbing the base pairing (BLM)

This test uses the production of fertile viable eggs as the endpoint, it is required by the FIFRA and Toxic Substances Control Act. Acute oral toxicity or sub-acute toxicity are other assays used