The nature and degree of competition among firms operating in the same industry

Inadequate competition, Inadequate Information, and Resource Immobility can cause this

Labor and the labor movement is part of this branch of economics, which looks at the economy as a whole.

This union arrangement exists when a business only hires workers already in the union

Unskilled, Semiskilled, Skilled, and Profession are these

Many buyers and sellers, dealing in identical products, acting independently, being reasonably informed, and being able to freely enter and exit the market are the five conditions for this market structure

This is an unintended side effect that either benefits or harms a third party not involved in the activity that caused it.

This type of union emerged after the Civil war and consists of all workers in the same industry, regardless of the job each worker performs.

This union arrangement exists when a worker does not need to be in the union to be hired, but must join shortly after to keep the job

This is the theory that the supply and demand for worker's skills and services determine the wage or salary.

Natural, geographic, technological, and government are necessary types of this market structure

The Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and Federal Trade Commission Act are each this type of law that help protect market competition

Employers formed these to resist labor union developments after the Civil War

Union and management representatives practice this when they can both meet and resolve their differences peacefully.

This theory states that employers are willing to pay more for people with certificates, diplomas, degrees and other indicators or "signals" of superior ability.

This market structure relies on product differentiation and nonprice competition to convince buyers that products are somehow better than others

These are products that are used by everyone, but since it is difficult to get everyone to pay for them they must be supplied by the government.

This period of time was tough for many people, but it was also the first time the government supported unions with laws

This occurs when union and management officials bring their issues to a neutral third party for recommendations that neither side needs to follow

Givebacks and the existence of the two-tier wage system in renegotiated union contracts are signs of this occurring.

Price-fixing and collusion mainly occur within this market structure

This is the requirement that businesses reveal information to the public.

These types of unions do not belong to the AFL-CIO

This occurs when union and management officials place there differences before a third party whose decision will be accepted as final.

Human capital differences, differences in occupation choices, and discrimination are the key reasons this still occurs today