Final Review 27 Jeopardy Template

Basics	DNA/RNA	Metabolism	Proteins/Enzymes	Diseases
100 What are the 7 biologically relevant organic functional groups along with assessing the polarity and geometry of molecules Hydroxyl (polar) Methyl (nonpolar) Sulfhydryl (polar) Phosphate(Polar) Amino (polar) Carbonyl (polar) Carboxyl(polar)	100 What is the difference in the structures of RNA and DNA nucleotides? DNA- Deoxyribose= no OH on C2 of ribose RNA= OH on C2 RNA has Us instead of Ts	100 Describe anabolism and catabolism along with how energy is conserved or utilized in each process Anabolism is the process of building up biomolecules from monomers. This process requires an input of energy Catabolism is the process of breaking polymers into monomers. This process releases energy	100 What are the assumptions for Michaelis-Menten kinetics and how they affect the kinetic measurement There's only one step Noncooperative binding There are no products yet Only one substrate	100 What is Vitamin D deficiency cause? rickets, deformed bones, and stunted growth
200 Name and describe the classes of biological monomers and related polymers Amino Acid -->Polypeptide (protein) Monosaccharides-->Polysaccharides Nucleotide-->Nucleic acid Lipids-->No true polymer	200 What is the central dogma of biology DNA→ RNA → protein	200 What is the order in which available fuels are utilized for energy in the body. Carbohydrates > lipids > proteins(only in starvation) > Nucleotides(never)	200 how does reaction velocity depend on enzyme concentration and substrate concentration Up until enzymes are completely saturated (because there’s more substrate than active site or more active sites than substrate) increasing either concentration increases the velocity	200 What does Vitamin C deficiency cause? Scurvy, which is characterized by teeth falling off, sunken eyes, and pale skin
300 What are the major and minor roles of biopolymers Protein -->Carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structure> Energy Nucleic acid --> Encode genetic info> Carry out metabolic reactions, support cellular structure Polysaccharides-->Store energy, support cellular structure >Encode genetic info	300 Compare the antisense and sense strands antisense- the strand that RNA polymerase uses to make the complementary strand of RNA	300 What are the steps between glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen including the enzymes involved? Phosphoglucose mutase: G6P → G1P Add UTP G1P → UDP-glucose Glycogen synthase adds UDP to main glycogen branch	300 How does an irreversible inhibitor affect an enzyme Irreversible inhibitors permanently disable the enzyme by binding covalently. Its concentration is irrelevant	300 What does Vitamin B1 deficiency cause? Beriberi, which is characterized by the swelling and weakness in the legs.
400 what is meant by a coupled reaction, and how ΔG for a process is independent of the path chosen Coupling a reaction is running an unfavorable (+ ΔG) with a favorable one (- ΔG), so that the overall ΔG is negative. ΔG for a process is independent of the path chosen because the overall ΔG is the sum of the independent ΔG in the system- the reactions that produce the individual ΔG’s doesn’t matter.	400 What are the 3 eukaryotic RNAP and what are their functions? RNA polymerase I is responsible for transcribing rRNA genes, which are present in multiple copies. RNA polymerase III mainly synthesizes tRNA molecules and other small RNAs. Protein-coding genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. sense- the strand that is identical to the RNA made (except it has Ts, not Us)	400 What is the net reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway G6P + H2O + 2NADP+ → Ru5P + H+ + 2 NADPH + CO2	400 What is the degree of inhibition and inhibitor constant for an inhibitor interacting with an enzyme? The degree of inhibition is measured with Ki. ↓Ki=↑inhibition=↑binding to the inhibitor. The best inhibitors have the lowest ki and look the most like the transition state	400 What is the mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia and the consequences of the mutation on hemoglobin, red blood cells, and homozygotes and heterozygotes carrying the mutation Mutation:A-->T point mutation, Glu6Val mutation Ridged blood cells can block small capillaries Heterozygotes aren’t easily infected with malaria
500 How does the molecular structure of water affect its physical properties as well as its interactions with other molecules? Water is a polar molecule, so it makes H-bonds with molecules Because it can make H-bonds it has a high boiling point, frozen water is less dense than liquid	500 What are the steps of PCR Step 1: Denaturation: As in DNA replication, the two strands in the DNA double helix need to be separated.This is done with heat Step 2: Annealing- the temp is lowered enough for the primers to anneal to the DNA templates Step 3: Elongation: Thermostable DNA polymerase elongates the DNA strand repeat	500 What is the net reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex pyruvate + CoASH + NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+	500 how is enzyme activity affected without the use of inhibitors? Changing substrate concentration Regulate enzyme synthesis and degradation Localization of enzyme Cofactors Covalent activation	500 What is the basic HIV life cycle including the roles of HIV reverse transcriptase, HIV integrase, and HIV protease as well as how therapeutics inhibit the reverse transcriptase and protease enzymes HIV is a retrovirus that infects T cells. It recognizes the cells through its glycoprotein SD4 and uses CXC4 and CXC5 to fuse to the membrane and sends its RNA, reverse transcriptase, and integrase into the cell Teraputics target reverse transcriptase because it’s error proof and uses chain terminating dDNA Nercipine is noncompetitive inhibitor that binds to the hydrophobic site away from the active site

Final Review 1

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