| Chapter 24: Speciation | Chapter 25: Early Life | Chapter 26: Classification of Organisms | Patterns of Speciation | Long Answers/Reversed Jeopardy |
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What is the biological species concept
One or more populations that descended from a common ancestral population, have similar genotype and phenotype, are reproductively isolated from other species and produce fertile offspring.
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What are the three characteristics of living cells?
Metabolism, self replicating and a plasma membrane
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What is a clade?
A "grouping"of related taxa that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
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What is Extinction?
The irrevocable loss of a species.
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They simulated early conditions on earth such as a simulated volcanic eruption, and were able to produce organic macromolecules through abiotic synthesis. This was a breakthrough in the regards of the origin of life.
Describe the experiment by Urey & Miller. Include what they did and why it is important
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What is ecological release?
Typically follow mass extinctions and plays a role in adaptive radiation
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What is endosymbiosis?
Made the evolution of eukaryotes possible.
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What is a phylogenetic tree?
It shows the evolutionary relationships and history between related species and typically incorporate shared characteristics such as morphology, homologous structures, genetic structure and biochemicals.
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What is parapatric speciation?
Neighboring populations that have little to no overlap evolved into different species.
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* Buried, but don't decompose quickly, no disturbance (underwater is really good because waves deposit sand and sediment on top)
* hard bodies are easier to fossilize * heat and pressure can cause rock to become metamorphic and destroy the fossil.
How are fossils formed? Include what circumstances increase the likelihood of formation, the types of material best fossilized and a challenge that can destroy a fossil.
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What are the prezygotic isolating mechanisms?
Behavioral, temporal, mechanical, ecological, gametic
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What are ribozymes?
RNA based enzyme that can replicate themselves.
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What is the outgroup?
A group on a phylogenetic tree that is more distantly related than the sister groups.
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What is anagenesis?
One species gradually changes over time in a linear fashion to become a new species.
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Parsimony is the assumption that the fewest evolutionary events needed to explain the relationships among species is the most likely.
Related to Occam's razor "the explanation with the least assumptions is more likely" or "the simplest answer is most likely"
Describe Parsimony.
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What is a cline?
A gradient of variation among a species, usually involves subspecies and can occur when speciation is in process.
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What is the evolution of the metabolic pathway?
Anaerobic fermentation -> photosynthesis -> aerobic respiration
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What is the molecular clock technique?
The technique that assumes the mutation rate occurs on a regular, predictable rate and uses that to determine the divergence of species from each other.
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What is allopatric speciation?
Speciation that occurs when a population has been separated or isolated.
Often associated with Vicariance (a physical/geographic barrier). |
* protozoans & termites
* Giant amoeba have bacteria to make ATP * Corals, clams and snails have paramecium have algae * humans have e. coli, lactobacilli and other microbes
Give two example of contemporary (current) endosymbiotic relationships?
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What is a niche?
The role an organism plays in its environment, including its interactions with biotic and abiotic
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What are protocells or protobionts
Membrane sacs, surrounding macromolecules (RNA/DNA), metabolic agents
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What is a plesiomorphic trait?
The ancestral/primitive condition that is still seen in a species.
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What is punctuated equilibrium?
Gradual changes or stasis with periods of rapid speciation.
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SIV is the simian (and ancestral) version of HIV. Some estimates say that it first jumped from monkeys to humans in 1908, and another estimate is 1931. It is thought to have happened 13 times. The molecular clock method was used because HIV has a clocklike evolution.
SIV became HIV, When that happened, how many times that happened and how that was determined.
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