| Stomach Juice | Astrinomas that start with "G" | Don't &%$! with it | Let's get hormonal! | Malignancies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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What are G cells?
Located in the antrum. Stimulated by amino acids and vagal input. Inhibited by somatostatin and H+.
Cell type responsible for secreting gastrin.
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What is the duodenum?
The name of the organ where gastrinomas are most often found.
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What is vagal stimulation?
The main stimulus for enzymatic secretion of the pancreas.
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What is enteroglucagon?
GI hormone secreted primarily by the colon and terminal ileum that delays gastric emptying.
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What is a gastrinoma?
Increased stomach acid, ulcers and diarrhea
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What are chief cells?
Pepsinogen, a zymogen, cleaves itself in an acidic environment into pepsin, which digests proteins.
Cell type located in the gastric body that secretes pepsinogen. Stimulated by vagal input.
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What is 25%? (will accept 15-35%)
75% are sporadic.
Percentage of gastrinomas associated with MEN-1.
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What are CCK and secretin?
Hormonal influence is primarily responsible for secretion of water, electrolytes and bicarbonate.
The two main hormonal stimuli of pancreatic secretion.
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What is CCK?
Secreted by I cells, inhibits gastric emptying and facilitates enterokinase secretion (better known for other functions).
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What is glucagonoma?
Necrolytic migratory erythema is the presenting problem in 70% of cases. Diabetes present in 90% of cases.
Tumor resulting in syndrome of erythematous blisters and swelling across abdomen, buttocks and groin.
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What are mucus and bicarbonate?
Serves to protect the gastric epithelium from the low gastric pH.
Two substances secreted by gastric epithelium.
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What are the following?
1. Fasting serum gastrin level > 1000 pg/mL. (normal < 150 pg/mL) 2. Basal acid output > 10 mEq/h 3. Paradoxic elevation of serum gastrin following injection of 2 U/kg of secretin.
Name 1 of 3 diagnostic criteria to chemically diagnose a gastrinoma.
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What are long-chain fatty acids, amino acids (methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) and gastric acid.
Three stimuli of CCK release from the duodenum and jejunum.
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What are CCK and GIP?
Hormones secreted by I cells and K cells
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What is a VIPoma?
WDHA syndrome or Verner Morrison syndrome.
Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria, acidosis, vasodilation, hypercalcemia and hyperglycemia.
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What are cephalic (30%), gastric (50%) and intestinal (10%).
Basal phase continually produces small amount of acid.
The three phases of gastric acid secretion.
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What are the three junctions:
1. Cystic & common bile ducts. 2. Body & neck of the pancreas. 3. 2nd & 3rd parts of the duodenum. 90% of gastrinomas located here.
The boundaries of the gastrinoma triangle.
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What are somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon, galanin, enkephalin, pancreastatin, neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptides?
Three or more inhibitors of pancreatic secretion.
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What are vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and secretin?
The three secretins.
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What is a somatostatinoma?
Fasting somatostatin level confirms diagnosis.
Tumor causing steatorrhea, diabetes, cholelithiasis and hypochlohydria
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What are the parietal cell, acetylcholine, gastrin and histamine?
The gastric cell type that secretes hydrochloric acid and the 3 molecules that stimulate its secretion.
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What is bombesin?
Also a tumor marker for small cell carcinoma, gastric cancer and neuroblastoma
14 amino acide peptide that stimulates release of gastrin and acts on receptors in brain and stomach. Suppresses appetite.
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What are gastrin, CCK, secretin, motilin, VIP, GIP, enteroglucagon, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, TSH and prolactin.
Seven hormones suppressed by somatostatin.
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What is peptide YY?
Secreted by jejunum, stimulated by fat, inhibits gastric secretion and inhibits hunger.
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What are chromogranin A, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), neuron-specific enolase (NES) and synaptophysin?
Name 2 of 4 tumor markers for neuro-endocrine tumors.
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