Food chains: Flow of energy and matter from organism to organism.
Food webs: Made from many interconnecting food chains.

A climax community, is a term that expresses a biological community of plants and animals and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession — the development of vegetation in an area over time — had reached a steady state.

An environmental gradient is a gradual change in abiotic factors through space (or time). Environmental gradients can be related to factors such as altitude, temperature, depth, ocean proximity and soil humidity.

Species diversity, habitat diversity, and genetic diversity.

Pyramid of productivity always pyramid shaped because it shows the invariable decrease along the food chain and because two species may not have same energy content per unit weight.

A Plagioclimax community is an area or habitat in which the influences of the human race have prevented the ecosystem from developing further. The ecosystem may have been stopped from reaching its full climatic climax or deflected towards a different clim

Place transect over an area of land. Count all of the biotic factors within the limits of the transect.

The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area.

Oak tree -- Caterpillar -- Blue tit -- Sparrowhawk

Habitat: Environment in which species normally lives.
Niche: Where, when, and how an organism lives.

Cutting down the existing vegetation (deforestation)
Burning as a means of forest clearance
Planting trees or crops (monoculture)
Grazing and trampling by domesticated animals
Harvesting of planted crops

The environmental impact of mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinit

Speciation is the process by which new species form, making natural selection possible because it based on evolution and development of species.

Lithosphere and asthenosphere.

Every species has a highest tolerance range in which they can survive, for any environmental factor.

Ecological succession is the observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The community begins with relatively few pioneering plants and animals and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes stabl

ABIOTIC: Soil, Water, Air, Temperature, and Sunlight
BIOTIC: Plants, animals, insects

New species can form when local environmental and biological conditions are different depending on location, because it limits ‘gene flow’, making it difficult to interbreed the geographically isolated populations.

http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~wxcheng/envs23/lecture8/tolerance.jpg

Association in which both members of the partnership benefit.

http://www2.sluh.org/bioweb/apbio/studysheets/ss52-53survivorshipcurves.png

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible impacts that a proposed project may have on the environment, consisting of the environmental, social and economic aspects.
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision

Movement of plates through different climatic zones allows new habitats to present themselves.