| Phonetics&Phonology | Morphology | Syntax | Semantics | Pragmatics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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voiced postalveolar affricate
Describe the sound /dʒ/.
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smallest meaning-carrying unit of a language system; e.g. {comparative}
What is a morpheme? Provide an example
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- open word classes: noun, verb, adjective, adverb (have lexical meaning)
- closed word classes: auxiliary, conjunction, pronoun, determiner (have a grammatical function)
Name and explain the different word classes.
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- words with extensive semantic similarity; to start - to begin
Define synonymy and give an example.
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representative, commisive, directive, expressive, declaration
List five types of speech acts.
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- complementary distribution: sound realization depends on the phonological environment
- free variation: two or more sounds appear in the same phonological environment; no change in meaning
What are the two types of allophone distribution (+examples)?
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- phonologically conditioned allomorphy
- e.g. plural {-s}
Which morphological phenomenon is based on phonology? Give an example.
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- clause constituent
- obligatory in an active declarative sentences - realized by NP, can be replaced by a NP
Define “subject“.
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- homonymy: identical spelling and pronunciation; meaning unrelated; e.g. bear
- polysemy: identical spelling and pronunciation; meaning related; e.g. mouse
What is the difference between homonymy and polysemy?
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Illocutionary act
Which speech act according to Austin is expressed through the following utterance: I want to ask that person on a date.
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- /w/, /j/
- sounds that are articulated like vowels, but function as consonants
What are semi-vowels?
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- endocentric compound: meaning is guessable; e.g. {headband}
- exocentric compound: creates a new meaning outside of its carrying morphemes; e.g. {deadline}
Explain and give examples of the two types of compounds.
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- adverb: open word class
- adverbial: grammatical function of a syntactic element (can be realized by an AdvP, but not necessarily)
What is the difference between adverb and adverbial?
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- meronymy: parts-whole relation; tree (holonym) - branch (meronym)
- hyponymy: meaning of a word is sub-/superordinate to the meaning of another word; e.g. drink (hyperonym), beer (hyponym)
What is the difference between meronymy and hyponymy? Provide examples.
|
Maxim of quantity is flouted (Grice)
What is the problem with the following dialogue?
A: What does the weather forecast say for tomorrow? B: It's supposed to rain. That sucks right? I really wanted to go for a run because I swore to myself I would start exercising a lot more, but oh well, I guess I could [...] |
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- consonants: speech sounds produced with substantial obstruction of the airstream (place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing)
- vowels: speech sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream (rounding, closure, backness, length)
Define consonants and vowels. How can they be described?
|
- conversion: to run --> a run
- clipping: advertisement --> ad - blending: situation comedy --> sitcom - suppletion: go --> went
Give one example each: conversion, clipping, blending, suppletion.
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- form: describe the syntactic form in which syntactic elements are found; types of phrases: NP, VP, AdjP, ...
- function: grammatical function of syntactic elements within a sentence; subject, object, adverbial, ...
What is the difference between form and function of syntactic elements?
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- borrowing: words that originated in one language (or dialect) but have come to be used in another; e.g. avocado
- semantic broadening: meaning gets broader; e.g. cool semantic narrowing: meaning gets narrower; e.g. meat
Explain and give an example for borrowing and semantic borrowing/narrowing.
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- interrogative: Could you turn down the music?
- imperative: Turn down the music! - indirect: The music's pretty loud, isn't it?
Tell someone to turn down the music using 2 direct speech acts (with different sentence types), and 1 indirect speech act.
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- phonetics: study of concrete speech and actual speech sounds [ ] ; level of parole ; articulatory, auditory and acoustic phonetics
- phonology: study of abstract sound system / / ; level of langue ; segmental and suprasegmental phonology
What are the major differences between phonetics and phonology?
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- {un} bound derivational
- {convent} free lexical - {ion} bound derivational - {al} bound derivational - {ity} bound derivational - {s} bound inflectional
Divide the word “unconventionalities“ into its morphemes and identify them.
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- cleft: It is TV-shows, that I watch instead of movies.
- pseudo-cleft: What I watch instead of movies are TV-shows.
Emphasize the theme of the following sentence in two different ways: “I watch TV-shows instead of movies.“
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- gradable antonomy: hot - cold
- complementary antonomy: dead - alive - relational antonomy: buy - sell - directional antonomy: give - take
List every type of antonomy and give one example each.
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- ana-, cata-, exophoric
- refer to sth/so that is not named literally, but mentioned by a pronoun, determiner etc. - lexical and/or grammatical linking - create semantic relations within a text --> references make a text cohesive
What are references and what is their function in texts?
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