To better understand relationships between attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, these theorists developed the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).

These measures are usually more strongly associated with intentions and behaviors.

These factors such as personality trait, education, and social comparison tendency are not explored in detail in the TPB but may indirectly influence intentions and behavior.

This construct expanded the TRA to what we now know as Theory of Planned Behavior.

While an individual's attitudes toward performing a behavior are determined by behavioral beliefs, they are also weighted by this.

This model, one that is spontaneous and reactive to the immediate situation, is considered to be a second possible path to arrive at a behavior not captured in the TPB.

This describes the idea that attitude toward a behavior is a much better predictor of a behavior than attitude toward the object at which the behavior is directed.

Normative beliefs and motivation to comply make up this construct in TRA/TPB?

Although studies have found these to influence behavioral, normative and/or control beliefs, some believe they are neglected in TPB as the model is "too rational."

Along with recommendations from NIMH theorists, this research study also led to the development of the Integrated Behavioral Model.

In addition to intention to perform a behavior, these other four components that directly affect behavior are also included in the Integrated Behavioral Model.

When lacking this, predictive validity of intentions tends to be reduced. This aspect would also explain why participants in the three sleep-related behaviors study were unable to avoid anxiety or stress-provoking of the activities before bedtime.