401. Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place a. in a group setting.
b. with the entire family present.
c. in a dyadic relationship.
d. in behavior therapy clinics.

In transactional analysis (TA), the ________ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________. a. Adult, unconscious
b. Parent, ego
c. Parent, superego

A short answer test is a(n) ________ test.
a. objective
b. culture-free
c. forced choice
d. free choice

Rosenthal, Howard. Encyclopedia of Counseling (p. 369). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.” Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

a. “Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother’s attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?”
b. “Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I’d say you should be optimistic and go for the position.”
c. “Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
d. “In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?”

The most valuable type of research is
a. always conducted using a factor analysis.
b. conducted using the chi-square.
c. the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships.
d. the quasi-experiment.

The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by
a. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guidance).
b. Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama.
c. E. G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint.
d. Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy.

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.

605. The NCE and the CPCE would be examples of a(n) ________ test.
a. free choice
b. forced choice
c. projective
d. intelligence

Studies indicate that
a. students receive ample vocational guidance.
b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.

Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters

a. interpret the results in the simplest manner.
b. interpret the results in the most complex manner.
c. interpret the results using a correlation coefficient.
d. interpret the results using a clinical interview.

405. Which theorist’s (or theorists’) work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. C. G. Jung.
c. Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis.
d. Marsha Linehan, who created dialectical behavior therapy

Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id.

A test format could be normative or ipsative. In the normative format
a. each item depends on the item before it.
b. each item depends on the item after it.
c. the client must possess an IQ within the normal range.
d. each item is independent of all other items.

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment
a. is parsimonious.
b. is an example of Occam’s Razor.
c. is confounded/flawed.
d. is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling.

411. Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to
a. analysis of the unconscious.
b. analysis of the ego.
c. the T-group paradigm.
d. the manner in which discussions and transactions occur.

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurate empathy.
d. reflection of emotional content.

In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that
a. an ipsative measure cannot be utilized for career guidance.
b. you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative test.
c. an ipsative measure is never a forced choice format.
d. an ipsative measure is never reliable.

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
a. the father of lifestyle.
b. the father of modern counseling.
c. the father of vocational guidance.
d. the fourth force in counseling.

An experiment is said to be confounded when

a. undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment.
b. undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment.
c. basic research is used in place of applied research.
d. the sample is random.

414. Most experts would agree that overall

a. structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques.
b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques.
c. all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques.
d. ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client.

An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above.

In a spiral test
a. the items get progressively easier.
b. the difficulty of the items remains constant.
c. the client must answer each question in a specified period of time.
d. the items get progressively more difficult.

In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that
a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice.
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.
c. genetics are important while upbringing is not.
d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.

A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ________, and the DV will be the ________.
a. professor; anxiety level
b. anxiety level; board exam score
c. biofeedback; board exam score
d. board exam score; biofeedback