Tingling and numbness in the extremities.

Glucose is turned into sorbitol, but the sorbitol is not reduced to fructose, thus causing Schwann Cell damage.

Maintaining solid control over blood glucose levels.

Wear tight leg stockings or knee high socks.

Tickling your patients toes with their eyes closed with a wire filament.

Decreased cardiac response and dizziness upon standing.

Thickening of vessel walls which provide nerves with nutrients.

Pharmaceutical treatment including analgesics and anti-epileptic drugs.

Wear well fitting shoes that do not rub, pinch, or are not too tight.

Having your patient close their eyes and applying a vibrating tuning fork to the bony processes of the toes, having them tell you when its "on" and when its "off"

Reduced gastric motility causing constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

Poor diet and lack of physical exercise.

Physical therapy including weight training, posture training, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and gait training.

Treat warts, corns, or abrasions with OTC supplements or medications.

Ask your patient if they experience any dizziness upon standing, shortness of breath, or inability to fully empty the bladder.