| Neuroanatomy Review | Neuroplasticity/Somatosensory | Pain/ANS | Motor System/PNS/ Spine | Cerebrum/ Visual & Vestibular |
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The thalamus
What is the region in the Diencephalon that processes emotional and memory information, integrates different sensations, and relays the information to the cortex
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The unaffected extremity is constrained using a sling
... Causes functional reorganization of the cortex, with improvement for 2 yrs post treatment
Following a neuronal injury early rehab is key to improved recovery. One technique commonly used it Constrain-induce movement therapy (CIMT). What is most important with this technique?
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Nociceptive pain is created from the stimulation of nociceptors. Examples include: mechanical LBP, Cancer, Arthritis, Burns.
.... The other 3 options have neural mechanisms that amplify pain signals, creating pain where there may not be any
There are 4 types of Chronic Pain: Nociceptive, Neuropathic, Pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes. Which type of chronic pain does NOT create pain in the absence of noxious stimuli?
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Cocontration of the LE allows a person to stand on unstable surfaces
Cocontration refers the simultaneous contraction of antagonist muscles, this helps to stabilize joints. In the UE it enables precise movement. What does cocontraction allow related to the LE
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Broca's area
The cortex anterior to the primary motor cortex consists of 3 area. Which of these areas is responsible for planning movements of the mouth during speech and grammatical aspects of language?
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Putamen + Globus Pallidus
... Corpus Striatum: Caudate + Putamen
The basal ganglia is the most prominent area of grey matter within the white matter of the hemisphere and has many sub regions. What 2 areas create the Lenticular Nucleus?
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LTP is the conversion of silent synapses to active ones (initiated by NMDA receptors to insert AMPA receptors into the membrane). LTD is the conversion of active synapsed to silent synapses. (removal of AMPA receptors from the cell membrane)
Experience dependent plasticity is a complex process required for learning and memory. This concept can be subdivided into Long-Term Potentiation and Depression. In terms of synapses, what is the difference between the 2?
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These symptoms indicate that the headache may be caused by excessive pressure, hydrocephalus, or tumor
.... Note: Headache accompanied by neck stiffness and vomiting is hallmark for meningitis
Symptoms related to a headache can usually provide signs as to what is the underlying cause. Experiencing symptoms such as: headache present at waking, pain triggered by coughing or sneezing, vomiting, or worsened symptoms when lying down...are indicators that what is the underlying cause? (3 options)
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A 1+ grade is characterized by a slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder of the ROM (> than half)
In patients with SCI, hyperreflexia may be present. EMG and the Ashworth scale are 2 measuring tools for hyperreflexia. What does a grade of 1+ on the Modified Ashworth scale represent?
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Emotions are short-term experiences, and moods are sustained, ongoing, subjective, emotional experiences.
The ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex is involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings. Emotions and mood are 2 concepts that are controlled by this area. What is the main difference between an emotion and a mood?
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Dorsal root ganglia
... Cell bodies of the motor neurons are located in the horns
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the first vertebrae, ending in the conus medullaris. Within each segment a pair of spinal nerves arises. Where in the spinal nerve is the cell body of a sensory neuron located?
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Type Ia and II; they both respond to tonic stretch
... The Golgi tendon organ contains type Ib receptors which respond to passive stretch
Within the body there are various receptors that help us with proprioception, pain and temperature, and touch and pressure. What 2 muscle receptors are found within a muscle spindle?
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The subtypes of nicotinic receptors include nicotinic and muscarinic
.... Epinephrine and Norepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors
Autonomic neurons secrete 3 type of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. ACH only binds to cholinergic receptors, of which there are 2 types. What are the 2 subtypes?
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Ataxia refers to voluntary, normal strength, jerky and inaccurate movements
.... May also be produced by interference of transmission of somatosensory information to the cerebellum
The cerebellum coordinates movement and postural control my modulating the actual motor output with the intended movement. Damage to the cerebellum will not interfere with sensory perception or muscle strength, but will affect coordination and postural control. What is the name of the movement disorder common to all lesions of the cerebellum?
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Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval
At least 3 types of memory exist: working, procedural, and declarative. What are the 3 stages of declarative memory?
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Bipolar cells are found in the retina
... Pseudo-unipolar: 2 axons no true dendrites (sensory neurons) Multipolar cells: multiple dendrites arising from the cell body and one axon (spinal motor neuron)
Neurons are classified by the organization and the parts of the neuron. A bipolar neuron has 2 main processes: a dendritic root and an axon. What is an example of a bipolar neuron?
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1. Administer in quiet, distraction-free setting
2. Position the patient on a firm, stable surface 3. Explain the purpose of the test 4. Demonstrate each test before administering 5. Block the patient's vision during the tests 6. Apply stimuli near the center of the dermatomes being tested
There are 6 guidelines to improve the reliability of sensory testing. What are 4 of them?
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Sympathetic stimulation will cause dilation of the pupil and elevation of the eye lid
The primary role of the sympathetic nervous system is to maintain optimal supply in the organs. Activation of the SNS may increase blood flow to certain organs will decreasing flow to others. How does sympathetic stimulation affect the pupil of the eye and the upper eye lid?
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Median (C6,7,8, T1)
.... Axillary (C5,6) Musculocutaneous (C5,6,7) Radial (C5,6,7,8) Median (C6,7,8, T1) Ulnar (C7,8,T1)
The brachial plexus includes the anterior rami of C5-T1, and innervates the upper limbs. What are the nerve roots of the Median N?
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A berry aneurysm
.... Saccular aneurysms affect only one side of the vessel wall and are most common
An aneurysm is the dilation of the vessel wall of an artery of vein. What is the name of the type of aneurysm that protrudes from a cerebral artery and has a thin connection within the artery
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Concentration gradient and electrical gradient; the balance of these 2 allow for equilibrium to be reached
... Ex: Na+ moves inside the membrane due to the concentration gradient, but the (-) charge outside the membrane only allows a certain amount of Na+ to enter due to the electrical gradient
Neurons function by undergoing rapid changes in electrical potential across the membrane. Resting membrane potential is no net movement of ions across the membrane. What 2 gradients are responsible for the distribution of ions at RMP
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1) receptors to medulla
2) medulla to thalamus 3) thalamus to cerebral cortex
Discriminative touch and conscious proprioception use a three-neuron pathway to convey information up the Dorsal Column. What are the 3 site of relay?
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The post-ganglionic cell body of the SNS is located in an interconnected sympathetic ganglia by the spinal cord, and the cell bodies of the PNS are separate and usually located in a ganglion by the target organ
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems use a 2 neuron pathway from the spinal cord to the effector organ. What is the difference in the location of the cell body of the post-ganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system vs the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Brown-Sequard Syndrome
A syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms that do not indicate a specific cause. Spinal region syndromes can result from tumors or trauma. What is name of the syndrome where below the level of the lesion, voluntary motor control, proprioception, discriminative touch is lost ipsilaterally, and pain and temp sensation is lost contralaterally
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CN 4 or the Trochlear N prevents activation of the superior oblique muscle. A lesion would cause the affected person to tilt their head to the contralateral side
The extra-ocular muscles of the eyes are innervated by CN 3, 4, and 6. Lesions of these cranial nerves can cause misalignment of the eyes. A lesion of CN 4 will prevent the contraction of what muscle and will cause a head tilt to what side?
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