| Pathophysiology | Clinical Effects | Where and how are you at risk? | Management | Miscellaneous |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
What is the incapability of delivering oxygen to cells due to tight binding to hemoglobin
Despite adequate partial pressures of oxygen in blood (PO2) there is decreased arterial oxygen content due to this effect on hemoglobin by CO.
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What is headache, dizziness, nausea
The typical presenting complaints of those with CO poisoning
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What is carbon monoxide
Charcoal grills, propane-powered forklifts, and boats are all sources of this poisonous gas
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What is 100% O2
This should be provided as soon as possible by either non-rebreather face mask or endotracheal tube during CO poisoning
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What is increased metabolic rate (become symptomatic at COHb levels less than 10% which is lower than commonly expected in adults)
Children are most sensitive to the effects of CO due to this
|
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What is leftward shift (causing decrease in 2,3-BPG concentration)
CO causes a shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to this side
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What is behavioral and educational difficulties
After severe poisoning with CO, children can develop these difficulties
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What is carbon monoxide
The most common hazard to smoke inhalation victims
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What are patients who are most at risk for persistent or delayed neurological sequelae such as those presenting in a coma or with a history of syncope
The patients most likely to benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy for CO poisoning
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What is patchy hypoperfusion throughout the cerebral cortex
Neuroimaging after CO poisoning would show this result
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What is cytochrome oxidase (functions in the electron transport chain within mitochondria)
Cyanide inhibits this enzyme which is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation and therefore aerobic energy production
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What are lesions of the cerebral white matter, globus pallidus, cerebellum, and hippocampus
Delayed or persistent neurocognitive sequelae from CO poisoning involve these portions of the brain
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What is cyanide
The combustion of materials such as wool, silk, and synthetic rubber releases this poison
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What is 100% oxygen and hydroxocobalamin or cyanide antidote kit (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate)
This is empiric therapy for cyanide toxicity
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Who is Napolean III
He was the first to use hydrogen cyanide in chemical warfare
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What is lactate
Levels of this substance are elevated due to cyanide poisoning (hint: has to do with lack of aerobic energy metabolism)
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What is progressive hypoxia leading to headache, anxiety, agitation, confusion, lethargy, seizures, and coma
These are CNS signs of cyanide poisoning
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What is well water (through contamination of nitrogen-based fertilizers) , food, industrial compounds, and pharmaceuticals
Nitrates and nitrites can cause methemoglobinemia through these sources
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What is chocolate brown
An ABG done on someone with methemoglobinemia will reveal blood of this characteristic color
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What is nitroprusside
Use of this blood pressure medication that is a vasodilator can cause iatrogenic cyanide poisoning
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What is highly lipid-soluble
This property of hydrogen sulfide allows it to easily penetrate biologic membranes and rapidly distribute to tissues
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What are cyanosis, dizziness, fatigue, headache, and exertional dyspnea
These are some symptoms of methemoglobinemia
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What is benzocaine spray
This topical anesthetic can cause methemoglobinemia
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What is methemoglobinemia
Treatment of this poisoning involves administration of one to two mg/kg body weight of methylene blue infused intravenously over 5 minutes
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What is hydrogen sulfide
This is a major industrial hazard in oil and gas production particularly in sour gas fields
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