| EZ MONEY $$$$ | IQ = 200 | WORK HARD STUDY HARDER | dont skip class | D's do NOT get degrees |
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Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization
What are the 3 stages of the action potential?
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-eccentric (lengthening, produces more force)
-concentric (shortening, less force)
What are the 2 types of isotonic muscle contraction? Which produces more force?
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Q=HR x SV
What is the equation for cardiac output?
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-ATP hydrolysis
-cocking of the myosin head -power stroke -rigor
What are the steps of the crossbridge cycle?
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BP = Q x TPR
What is the equation for blood pressure?
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sympathetic nervous system
Which division of the nervous system speeds up heart rate to rates over 100 BPM?
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allows rapid impulse conduction for heartbeat, intercalated discs hold cells together during strong contractions
Why are gap junctions and intercalated discs important in the heart?
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-preload
-contractility -afterload
What are the 3 determinants of stroke volume?
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-A band remains the same
-I band shortens -H zone shortens -Z lines at either end of the sarcomere move closer together
When a sarcomere is contracting, which portions of the sarcomere get smaller / move closer together and what stays the same?
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inc CO2/H+ and low O2
What triggers chemoreceptors to regulate blood pressure?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
Where does calcium for muscle contraction come from?
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its aerobic capacity
What does myoglobin content in muscle indicate?
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-PFK (phosphofructokinase) - glycolysis
-isocitrate dehydrogenase - krebs
What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis? How about Krebs?
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100-120% because maximum crossbridge interactions are formed
At what percentage (range) of resting length is the force produced by the muscle the greatest? Why?
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allow time for filling of ventricles
What physiological purpose does a slow impulse conduction rate at the AV bundle have?
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carbohydrates
What is the only type of macronutrient that can directly be used for anaerobic energy production?
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Ist ATP-PCr (10 seconds, answers may vary)
Once that runs out body defaults to anaerobic glycolysis (1-2 min)
With intense explosive exercise, which energy system is used first and approximately how long does it last?
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SA node > internodal pathways > AV node > bundle of His (AV bundle) > left/right branches > purkinje fibers
What is the pathway of electrical activity through the heart?
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Vena cava → RA → tricuspid/right AV valve → RV → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → bicuspid/mitral/left AV valve → LV → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → body → vena cava
What is the pathway for blood flow? (think specific vessels, portions of the heart, and valves)
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1. SNS: Norepinephrine/epinephrine = inc HR = inc BP
2. Antidiuretic hormone: inc blood volume = inc BP 3. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone: angiotensin II vasoconstricts + aldosterone inc blood volume = inc BP 4. Atrial natriuretic peptide: dec blood volume = dec BP
What are the hormonal regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure and how do they change blood pressure?
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High: pyruvate converted via PDH to ACoA to go into aerobic metabolism. Produces 1 ACoA, NADH, and CO2
Low: pyruvate and NADH converted by lactate dehydrogenase to lactate and NAD. NAD returns to glycolysis step 6.
Describe the linking step when there is high O2 availability and low O2 availability, and the products.
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phosphoenolpyruvate (2x)
Which molecule just precedes the creation of pyruvate in glycolysis?
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NADH: 2-3
FADH2: 1-2 Uncoupling occurs
How many ATP are produced with NADH and FADH2? Why?
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-First wave = P wave- Cells in the atria are depolarizing
-2nd wave is a QRS complex- Ventricles depolarize! Atria are also repolarizing (don’t see this part really in the complex) -3rd T wave- Ventricles repolarizing
Draw and ECG wave on the board and describe what each portion presents.
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Draw the action potential for a pacemaker cell and cardiac contractile cell.
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