| Definitions | Determinants | Interventions | Insurance | Disparities |
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What is POPULATION HEALTH?
This term refers to the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of outcomes within the group
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What is E?
Premature mortality = total number of deaths before life expectancy (i.e. <78yo in the US) also includes environmental/toxic exposures.
The folllowing determinants of health contribute to premature death in the US:
a. behavior, b. genetics, c. social circumstances, d. health care, e. all of the above |
What is E?
Mail-in ballots, hospital or med school communication directors, collaborating with legal clinics e.g. to help with rental maint. to prevent asthma flares can all help!
Busy clinicians can improve health through
a. voting, b. writing an op-ed, c. speaking with local government representatives, d. medical-legal partnerships, e. all of the above |
What is MediCARE
This federal program provides healthcare coverage if you are over 65 years old in the US
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What is TRUE? In one county, King City area life expectancy 68-77yrs, whereas Los Gatos area 85-112yrs; while it only takes 2.5hrs to drive across the county, life expectancy varies widely depending on census tract, associated most with education levels (fewer high school graduates in King City area)
T or F: Life expectancy at birth in Santa Clara county can vary as much as 8 years, depending on where they live. For example, average life expectancy can be 68-77 in one area, 85-112yrs in another census tract within same county.
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What is HEALTH LITERACY?
This term refers to "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, understand basic health info…needed to make… health care decisions"
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What is B? Lack of access to care, delays in diagnosis/treatment, and medical errors cause an estimated 11% of premature deaths in the US.
MEDICAL CARE (i.e. errors, delays) is responsible for approximately what proportion of premature mortality in the US? a. 1% b. 10% c. 25% d. 40% e. 60%
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What is (any of the following:)
teach-back method, using simple ratios (3/1000 vs 0.3%,) written/verbal/visual communication, advanced directives (California) with more visuals (Sudore et al.)
This is one example of improving communication by considering patients' HEALTH LITERACY (multiple possible answers, please give 1 example)
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What is MediCAID/Medi-Cal
This federal and state program provides health coverage if you have a very low income
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What is TRUE? Areas with higher proportions the population with a high school degree have higher life expectancy, even stronger association than income. Improving educational opportunities improves health outcomes.
T or F: In S Clara county, as with most of the world, the strongest predictor of life expectancy is education level (% of population with high school degree or higher.)
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What is c?
This the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status (choose 1)
a. health disparity, b. health equity, c. determinant of health, d. built environment, e. health literacy |
What is TRUE? Also acceptable: behaviors if cannot separate from socio-economic factors, but estimate 40% premature deaths due to socio-economic, 30% due to behaviors
T or F: Of the determinants of health (environmental toxins, med care, genetics, behaviors, social circumstances,) SOCIAL & ECONOMIC factors have the most influence on health outcomes (mortality.)
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What is SUPPORTIVE HOUSING? Co-located services (e.g. case management, mental health, nursing) reduce emergency department use, length of stay, even mortality (among HIV+ individual) compared to discharge to street among urban, homeless individuals in several studies.
This is an intervention that combines HOUSING + some form of SUPPORT on-site, e.g. case manager, mental health, nursing at housing location, and improves health
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What is the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
This federal agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid
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What is TRUE? Determinant & Intervention at individual level: health literacy & teach-back; community level: access & supportive housing; environmental level: underfunded schools & op-ed, voting
T or F: One way of organizing determinants of health includes the SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL model: we can also organize INTERVENTIONS into individual, community, and environmental levels
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What is the BUILT ENVIRONMENT?
Surroundings including lack of safe spaces for physical activity, violence, neighborhood education levels, neighborhood income, grocery stores/pharmacies within walking distance, tobacco outlets, and more influence behaviors affecting health outcomes; informing city/local officials with your research, speaking up or writing op-eds, and voting help change built environments "Our zip code is more important (to health) than our genetic code" refers to which DETERMINANT of HEALTH? (Hint: defined as man-made surroundings that influence behaviors which affect health outcomes)
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