The only places in Europe that fostered the learning of ciphers and codes during the Dark Ages.

This famous monk said "A man is crazy who writes a secret in any other way than one which will conceal it from the vulgar."

This country's cryptographers were the laughing stock of Europe for many years?

This famous queen was the Queen of Scotland, Queen of France, and pretender of the throne of England.

The Greek word meaning "covered".

A traditional form of Hebrew substitution cipher.

These two groups of people used cryptography to keep their discoveries secret.

This is a group of symbols or letters that are not substitutes for actual letters but merely blanks that represent nothing.

Famous Protestant queen and cousin to Mary.

The Greek word meaning "to write".

The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

This famous author wrote a book with encrypted paragraphs about astronomy.

This word is defined as the substitution at the level of words or phrases.

Roman philosopher known as the "father of history"?

The Greek word meaning "hidden".

What word in the Old Testament is coded?

This group of statesmen used codes and ciphers to hide secrets about their foreign policy.

This word is defined as substitution at the level of letters.

Persian princess whose ships became surrounded in a famous battle at the Bay of Salamis near Athens on September 23, 480 A.D.

The substance that once covered writing tables in ancient times.

What chapter in the Old Testament uses codes?

King Philip II of Spain called this famous cryptanalyst an "archfiend in league with the devil"?

This term refers to the key for a code.

Persian king known as "the King of Kings"?

A loyal Greek who had been expelled but told of an upcoming attack and saved the city states of Athens and Sparta.