This is a physical and chemical modification of DNA

this is covalent bonding of nucleotides on a different strand

this is detrimental to the system, must be eliminated

this is recognition of damaged base by DNA glycosylase.

There are exogenous and endogenous

this is covalent bonding of nucleotides within the same strand

this is the process of cellular damage identification to sustain the integrity of the genome

This AP endonuclease will recognize AP site and cut off the sit, creating nicked DNA strand

There are UV light, x-ray, and carcinogens

this is changing of nucleotides to become unnatural forms

this copies all DNA material (damaged or not) and has to be done in order to prevent the passing of DNA damage

this DNA polymerase recognized nicked site and initiates repair, ended by nick sealing DNA ligase

There is ROS, base deamination, depurination

this is the replacement of A with G and C with T

Can happen due to 2 pathway: p53 dependent or independent

this is a process where two homologous DNA exchange the DNA sequence

there are base modification, intrastrand linkage, interstrand linkage, and base-pair mismatch

this is an extra nucleotide and deleted nucleotides

This is the primacy decision point known as the restriction point

this is controlled by two master kinases, ATM and ATR