This stage is the longest. Lasts 12-24 hours. Uterine contractions begin once every 15-20 minutes and progress to once every 2-5 minutes & intensity increases. By the end of the first stage, cervix is dilated to about 8 to 10 centimeters.

Midwives have specialized education and are registered and licensed (in Saskatchewan). They assist with low-risk pregnancies instead of doctors before, during, and after birth.

When the baby position in the uterus causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the body rather than the crown of the baby’s head.

Nature has more influence because we cannot change the inherited physical and cognitive traits we are born with.

Nurture has more influence because our environments and relationships shape our personality.

Begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal. Baby is born. Lasts around 1.5 hours. Contractions are one per minutes and can last for a minute.

A cesarean birth is when a baby is born by coming through surgical cuts (“incisions”) in her belly – through her skin, fat, muscle and uterus.

This is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the infant - may occur if the delivery takes too long. This may cause brain damage to the baby.

Yes, because it would allow us to eliminate diseases and imperfections and perfect us.

No, it is unethical and has the possibility of government dictating science and genetic engineering.

Known as afterbirth. The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled. Lasts only minutes.

• The four most common medical causes contributing to the increase in cesarean section rates in North America are: routine repeat cesareans; dystocia (non-progressive labor); breech presentation; and fetal distress.

A form of delivery that takes place too rapidly (usually less that 10 minutes). This can disturb the normal flow of blood and the pressure on the infant’s head can cause hemorrhaging.

Yes, because then there is a higher chance that parents will be more educated and responsible with their children.

No, because we should have our own autonomy and procreation should not be dictated by government oversight.

The Leboyer Method-this method places the newborn on the mother’s stomach immediately, followed by a warm bath.
The Lamaze Method-relaxation and breathing techniques used to reduce or eliminate the use of medication.
Caesarian Section-the surgical removal of the baby from the uterus

Harmful substances such as drugs or radiation that invade the womb and result in birth defects.

1. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
2. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
3. Intrauterine (artificial) insemination
4. Zygote intrafallopian transfer
5. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
6. Ovum donation

Yes, because here are lots of children waiting to be adopted or fostered in the world who would benefit from parents who really want a child and cannot have a child of their own.

No, because not everyone wants to adopt and they should not be discouraged from seeking alternate forms of conception or feel judged for their desire to have a biological child.

1.Abstinence from alcohol, drugs, and tobacco even before pregnancy.
2.Abstinence after the first trimester
3.Moderation throughout pregnancy
4.Social support
5.Postnatal care

1)the time at which the developing organism is exposed to a specific teratogen.
2)The dose and/or frequency of exposure to a teratogen.
3)The developing organism's genes

Standard poodles!!! <3

(don't be mad and say that this was an unfair/trick question for 500 points!)

Yes, because the father is an important part of the microsystem and the relationship that he has with the mother can impact the fetus (both negatively & positively) while it is in the womb.

No, because the absence or presence of the father in the mother’s microsystem does not make any difference (both positively & negatively) on the development of the fetus.