| Political ideology, efficacy, structural barriers, and demographics | Political parties, interest groups, and social movements | Potential Impacts on political parties | Effects on the election | Media’s Role |
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What are different models of voting behavior?
Rational-choice voting–Voting based on what is perceived to be in the citizen’s individual interest
Retrospective voting–Voting to decide whether the party or candidate in power should be re-elected based on the recent past Prospective voting–Voting based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future Party-line voting–Supporting a party by voting for candidates from one political party for all public offices across the ballot |
What is one linkage institution?
Parties
Interest Groups Elections Media |
What is the benefits and potential problems of interest-group influence on elections and policy making?
Interest groups may represent very specific or more general interests, and can educate voters and office holders, draft legislation, and mobilize membership to apply pressure on and work with legislators and government agencies.
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What is the process and outcomes in U.S. presidential elections impacted by?
Incumbency advantage phenomenon
Open and closed primaries Caucuses Party conventions Congressional and State elections The Electoral College |
What is the media’s role as a linkage institution?
Traditional news media, new communication technologies, and advances in social media have profoundly influenced how citizens routinely acquire political information, including new events, investigative journalism, election coverage, and political commentary
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What are roles that individual choice and state laws play in voter turnout in elections?
State voter registration laws
Procedures on how, when, and where to vote Mid-term (congressional) or general presidential elections |
What is the impact of political parties on the electorate and government?
Mobilization and education of voters
Party platforms Candidate recruitment Campaign management, including fundraising and media strategy The committee and party leadership systems in legislatures |
What is the variation in types and resources of interest groups as hope do they affect their ability to influence elections and policy making?
Inequality of political and economic resources
Unequal access to decision makers “Free rider” problem |
What is the benefits and drawbacks of modern campaigns?
Dependence on professional consultants
Rising campaign costs and intensive fundraising efforts Duration of election cycles Impact of and reliance on social media for campaign communication and fundraising |
What is diverse choices of media and communication outlets influence political institutions and behavior?
Political participation is influenced by a variety of media coverage, analysis, and commentary on political events.
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What is factors influencing voter choice include?
Party identification and ideological orientation
Candidate characteristics Contemporary political issues Religious beliefs or affiliation, gender, race and ethnicity, and other demographic characteristics |
What is political parties as how do they change and adapt?
Parties have adapted to candidate-centered campaigns, and their role in nominating candidates has been weakened.
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What is various political actors influence public policy outcomes?
Single-issue groups, ideological/social movements, and protest movements form with the goal of impacting society and policy making.
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What is the organization, finance, and strategies of national political campaigns and how do they affect the election process?
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), which ruled that political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment
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What is nature of democratic debate and the level of political knowledge among citizens?
Increased media choices
Ideologically oriented programming Consumer-driven media outlets and emerging technologies that reinforce existing beliefs Uncertainty over the credibility of news sources and information |
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What is political ideology?
a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.
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What is the structure of parties and what has been influenced by?
Critical elections and regional realignments
Campaign finance law Changes in communication and data-management technology |
What is the process and outcomes in U.S. presidential elections are impacted by?
Incumbency advantage phenomenon
Open and closed primaries Caucuses Party conventions Congressional and State elections The Electoral College |
What is debates?
____have increased over free speech and competitive and fair elections related to money and campaign funding (including contributions from individuals, PACs, and political parties).
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What is Structural barriers?
obstacles that collectively affect a group disproportionately and perpetuate or maintain stark disparities in outcomes.
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What is political participation?
a broad range of activities through which people develop and express their opinions on the world and how it is governed, and try to take part in and shape the decisions that affect their lives.
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What is structural barriers impact on third-party and independent candidate success?
In comparison to proportional systems, winner-take-all voting districts serve as a structural barrier to third-party and independent candidate success.
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What is the electoral college impact on democratic participation?
The winner-take-all allocation of votes per state (except Maine and Nebraska) under the setup of the Electoral College compared with the national popular vote for president raises questions about whether the Electoral College facilitates or impedes democracy.
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What is political efficiency?
Citizen's belief that he or she can understand and influence political affairs.
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What is media?
Plays a major role on influencing peoples decisions
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