Russian czar (tsar) that reformed Russian laws, established trade with W. Europe, & conquered Siberia. He was cruel so he was “terrible.”

A period of growing intellectual interest by western Europeans in worldly subjects.

A folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint; led the French army to victories; burned at the stake for heresy.

Queen of England for most of the second half of the 1500s. Sometimes called “the Virgin Queen” because she never married.

Commercial network that involved trade among America, Africa, and Europe.

Russian that united & ruled over Russia after shaking off Mongol rule. He added territory through military conquest. He was “great.”

Academic disciplines that study people’s conditions, using methods that are analytical, critical, or speculative.

A series of dynastic wars fought between supporters of two rival branches for the throne of England.

Polish scientist that pushed the heliocentric theory where the sun is the center of the universe, not the earth.

The emergence of modern science during the early modern period, developments transformed views of society & nature.

Muslim Chinese mariner and explorer who voyaged along the coasts of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, & maybe the Americas in the early 1400s.

A political dynasty, banking family, and later, royal house from the Republic of Florence.

When there were many changes in Europe’s economy & they demanded goods from the Far East.

English adventurer who unsuccessfully attempted to settle the Atlantic coast from present-day South Carolina to New York City.

English pirate that successfully attacked many Spanish ships and took their cargo. He also was the first Englishman to sail around the world.

Shah (king) of Persian Empire that regained all lost territory, built new capital, and encouraged the arts.

The inventor of the movable type printing press, enabling information to be copied and spread limitlessly.

The world contained only so much wealth; to increase one's wealth, it had to be taken from another.

King of England for most of the 1st half of the 1500s. He separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

Ruler of Spain in the late 1500s; one of the world’s largest empires as it had territories on every continent then known to Europeans.

The greatest of the Mogul emperors. He fostered toleration for all religions – one of his greatest contributions to Indian civilization.

Dutch Catholic priest, theologian, scholar, and teacher; considered the greatest humanist of northern Europe.

Important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, responsible for European worldwide explorations.

English scientist and author who was influential as a practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution.

A widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe in the 1500s.