Eminent scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

Significant conflict pitting France against Prussia and its allies; it emerged from tensions regarding German unification.

The first President of the French Republic and ruler of the Second French Empire. He was also the last monarch of France.

British social reformer and founder of modern nursing. During the Crimean War, she was known as “The Lady with the Lamp.”

Extremely popular American author and humorist of the 1800s.

American inventor; developed devices that greatly influenced life, e.g. phonograph, motion picture camera, electric light bulb.

The climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire.

Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855; made Russia a world power; the Russian Empire reached its zenith.

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who made the understanding of labor and its relation to capital.

English writer and social critic. He is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period.

American painter turned inventor; contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system; also telegraph code.

Massive civil war in southern China (1850-1864); At least 20 million people died; one of the deadliest military conflicts in history.

The last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia (1888-1918).

Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.

German composer, theatre director, and conductor primarily known for his operas.

American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who invented and built the world's first successful airplane.

Mutiny of Indian soldiers against the British in India over issues like disrespect against Hinduism & Islam. It was suppressed.

Emperor of Russia from 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He emancipated serfs in 1861, for which he became known as “the Liberator.”

A leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification and was Italy’s first Prime Minister.

Italian Romantic composer primarily known for his operas.

Italian inventor; worked on long distance radio transmission and a radio telegraph system. He is credited as being the inventor of radio.

Conflict in the 1850s in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire.

Emperor of Russia from 1881 until his death in 1894. During his reign Russia fought no major wars, for which he was called “The Peacemaker."

Italian general and politician. He is considered one of Italy’s “fathers of the fatherland.”

Influential French writer considered one of the greatest novelists in Western literature; devoted to style and aesthetics.