French chemist and microbiologist; discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

A violent anti-foreigner movement in China between 1899 and 1901. European forces intervened and defeated the uprising.

Monarch of the UK; her reign was longer than any other British monarch & any female monarch in history.

Major part of Canada’s Constitution; created a federal dominion; defines operation of the Government of Canada.

English naturalist and geologist best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory called natural selection.

Scientist who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics.

Humanitarian movement; millions of volunteers worldwide to protect human life and health.

Military and political leader that played a key role in Latin America’s successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire.

Policy of the U.S.; efforts by Eur. nations to colonize land or interfere in N./S. America would be acts of aggression.

Austrian neurologist who became the founding father of psychoanalysis, or the explanation of human behavior.

English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

Agreement made in 1864 of an international set of laws governing the treatment and care for the wounded and POWs.

King of the French from 1830 to 1848; forced to abdicate due to a revolution. He was the last king to rule France, called “the Citizen King.”

The first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron by removing impurities from it.

American architect called the “father of modernism.” He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper.

German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize.

The balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914).

Prussian statesman; unified most of the German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership.

Method of Industrial Revolution manufacturing. Its main characteristic was the use of machinery.

French artist and physicist, recognized for his invention of a process of photography. He was also an accomplished painter.

Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created his own version of the periodic table of elements.

Chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan; changes to its political & social structure; responsible for modernization.

Prince of Austria; influenced European politics from 1815-1848; maintain “the status quo” by suppressing freedoms.

Constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire & the Kingdom of Hungary in Central Europe.

French philosopher and founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism.